None of that matters. Change and check the oil and filter often and nothing else matters. Synthetic and OEM filters are best, but neither matter if you don't let the oil get low, don't overheat the vehicle, and change the oil on time.
10w30 is fine. Viscosity isn't important.
Newer cars have lower friction rings and 0W oil and easily consume oil leading to low oil situations.
We also know nothing about their vehicles, history, or statements. People say stuff about cars all that time that isn't the definition of "scientific", is anecdotal, way too many assumptions are made, inaccurate, etc. A wal-mart conversation isn't really worth any time.
Oil filter - not a big deal. Some synthetic oils are good for well beyond 10,000 miles and when paired with a good filter. 25,000 mile oil and filter change via Amsoil: https://www.amsoilcontent.com/lit/g1490.pdf
There are also people who change their oil filters every other oil change. There are times and conditions in which these practices, and others that need not be mentioned here, have merit and will not illicit any issues. You shouldn't do it, but not every situation is identical to yours.